Income from Blogging is Not Dependable
I once wrote the Blogger As A Profession. Apparently it is not easy as I imagined, though actually do not know clearly. PPC ads can be of issue, write a review. The difficulty is that we've published a PPC advertising (pay-per-clicks) but not a lot of blog traffic, so it is also useless, though the blog with page views 1000 per day as possible to get 1 click a day is difficult. I've tried it, the ad appears 1000 times per day but for the ad was clicked only once difficult to achieve.
From the reviews, this is the greatest fortune of ways to get money from blogs. But rarely get a job review. In Indonesia there is one that provides services bring together advertisers with bloggers who review format, namely idblognetwork.com. Sometimes our blog does not match the theme that will also not be advertised to. If we do not credible blogs will also be difficult.
So it is not easy, and unreliable. Find a job in the real world. Enjoy blogging as a means of sharing stories, knowledge and so forth. And do not make money so the main goal, because when money (income), the main objectives and we can not achieve it be to make us disappointed. And will leave the blogging. Even on my blog publishes PPC ads but will not be making income source. Indeed tide, sometimes there is luck sometimes not. And not too much to make the blog so full of advertising, placing it at the appropriate position that does not interfere with visitors in the reading. Thank God already had a steady job, so if anything can be money from blogging may be just enough to subscribe to the Internet
From the reviews, this is the greatest fortune of ways to get money from blogs. But rarely get a job review. In Indonesia there is one that provides services bring together advertisers with bloggers who review format, namely idblognetwork.com. Sometimes our blog does not match the theme that will also not be advertised to. If we do not credible blogs will also be difficult.
So it is not easy, and unreliable. Find a job in the real world. Enjoy blogging as a means of sharing stories, knowledge and so forth. And do not make money so the main goal, because when money (income), the main objectives and we can not achieve it be to make us disappointed. And will leave the blogging. Even on my blog publishes PPC ads but will not be making income source. Indeed tide, sometimes there is luck sometimes not. And not too much to make the blog so full of advertising, placing it at the appropriate position that does not interfere with visitors in the reading. Thank God already had a steady job, so if anything can be money from blogging may be just enough to subscribe to the Internet
remove navbar-way-navigation-bar.html blogspot
Blog we have the parts, like an official letter, our blog is on Blogger there letter head which is usually as a means of us to login or create a new blog that has not had a blog (means of advertising for bloggers). That's one part or the navbar at the top, to say the position of the most frequently seen.
Maybe all of us want to remove navbar (navigation bar) that extends above the existing use to log on or create a new blog, so that our blog is more indepedent and shaped as though not a free blog. do not worry, by eliminating this navbar we will not be scolded by a blogger: x and us something better and better in that section (eg, horizontal menu)
How to Remove Navbar (Navigation Bar) Upper
1. Login to www.blogger.com and select the layout (layout)
2. Select EDIT HTML
3. Expand widget template
4. Place the following code in head tag
# navbar-iframe {
display: none! important;
}
Possible to more clearly like this
-----------------------------------------------
Blogger Template Style KS
Name: Black and Green
Designer: gift septa
URL: www.nosutik.blogspot.com
Date: February 23, 2009
Updated by: Blogger Team
----------------------------------------------- * /
# navbar-iframe {
display: none! important;
}
/ * Variable definitions
====================
Maybe all of us want to remove navbar (navigation bar) that extends above the existing use to log on or create a new blog, so that our blog is more indepedent and shaped as though not a free blog. do not worry, by eliminating this navbar we will not be scolded by a blogger: x and us something better and better in that section (eg, horizontal menu)
How to Remove Navbar (Navigation Bar) Upper
1. Login to www.blogger.com and select the layout (layout)
2. Select EDIT HTML
3. Expand widget template
4. Place the following code in head tag
# navbar-iframe {
display: none! important;
}
Possible to more clearly like this
-----------------------------------------------
Blogger Template Style KS
Name: Black and Green
Designer: gift septa
URL: www.nosutik.blogspot.com
Date: February 23, 2009
Updated by: Blogger Team
----------------------------------------------- * /
# navbar-iframe {
display: none! important;
}
/ * Variable definitions
====================
Computer Components
Computer Components
In general the 2 things that really affect a computer is hardware and software. If we discuss about the components of a computer so automatically we will talk about hardware. Hardware itself largely divided into 3 areas:
1. Input section
2. Processing equipment
3. Output section
Now the above items will be discussed one by one!
1. Input section
For its part, common computer components we need to know is:
A. Keyboard
The keyboard is a device that is usually placed in front of computer screens and functions as input data from the outside by way of typed on the keyboard. I'm sure most of you surely know this component. Usually resembles a typewriter keyboard manual (for the composition of laying the letter). Currently, the market has been circulating system by adopting a wireless keyboard. And usually more expensive when compared with ordinary keyboard. The types of keyboards on the market today for more detailed information is: Serial, PS / 2, USB and wireless. Then some brand keyboards in the market including: Logitech (usually the price is most muahal to market in Indonesia), Accer, Komic and much more.
B. Mouse
I personally never saw a friend with a computer to play smoothly using only the keyboard without the need for a mouse. But if you're a normal human being, and do not want tired memorize the secret button on the keyboard that can be used as a mouse, it seems your computer must have to have a mouse.
Own mouse pointer berfungi to drive on your computer screen. In the presence of the mouse it will be easier for us to adjust the position of the pointer in accordance with our wishes quickly. The characteristics of a good mouse is having a very high sensitivity and do not require a complex treatment (bias and wireless optical mouse that has this requirement, do not use the mouse manual that should be routinely cleaned to remove dust.) Brand mouse that I like is the Logitech (because of durable, reliable, good sensitivity, and have a good shift, but a little bit more expensive in terms of price).
C. Floppy Disk Drive
It is a hardware that connects to the computer diskettes, So you want to transfer data from one computer to another using a floppy, then this is where you should insert the floppy. But for today's disk usage eroded by the development of computer technology. Because the size of CDs and floppy disks almost can save only a smaller memory, then diskiet been abandoned by most users. While this trend means that more is to use flash.
D. Scanners
I think this is a very rarely used by people, as well as for their owners (often there are people who have a computer and also have a scanner machine, yes .... As I was anyway ....). It is therefore not surprising at all to use this tool dirental services then you will be charged a pretty pretty expensive, which is approximately USD $ 1000.00 per scan. For now mostly found in scanner with a port connecting to a computer using a USB model.
E. Optical Devices
For those of you who like to watch the service packages (do not want to go to the movies, but enough to buy his movie "in perparah with pirated movies") then the tool must have on your computer. Here are some types of optical computers that can be customized to your needs:
(1). CD ROM, is the optical instrument reading from the CD input. The drawback of this tool is not able to rewrite on the CD (insert the data to a CD).
(2). CD RW, are optical devices that can serve to read and rewrite files CD. With this tool you can create a CD with insert a file into it.
(3). Optical DVD, is a tool whose function is similar to the CR ROM, except that if the CD ROM to a CD then Optical DVD to read DVDs and CDs.
(4). DVD RW (DVD COMBO), can be used for all types of applications related to good optics is used for CD or DVD.
F. Device Process
In this section are generally tools that make computer why they're expensive. In the central part called the CPU (Central Processing Unit) which is the main and most important unit processes in the computer that controls the entire process from data processing equipment to read data from input, process or process until the release of information (output) to the output equipment.
Some of the important tools that exist in the CPU include:
»Memory (more familiar to the ear with RAM)
»Mainboard (aka pension Usually the fastest-damaged), if likened to living things, maybe the mainboard can be said as a body. Since the mainboard many critical components are placed as the processor (and fan), RAM, VGA etc.
»Processors (AMD or Intel), you could say this is otanya computer. For a more current processors are Core 2 Duo ngetrend and the level above it.
On the CPU itself consists of three functional parts that need to be considered in the use of computers:
Function registers store data to be processed in the ALU.
CU (Control Unit) functions to control all other equipment
ALU (Arithmetic Logical Unit) function does all processes that require mathematical calculations and logical comparisons
G. Output Equipment
For the output is basically divided into:
Visual display, in this case, the monitor plays a very important. In the visual appearance on the monitor is strongly influenced by the capacity of the VGA.
Output in the form of voice, no other sure most of you already know the speaker. For computer speakers. ect....
In general the 2 things that really affect a computer is hardware and software. If we discuss about the components of a computer so automatically we will talk about hardware. Hardware itself largely divided into 3 areas:
1. Input section
2. Processing equipment
3. Output section
Now the above items will be discussed one by one!
1. Input section
For its part, common computer components we need to know is:
A. Keyboard
The keyboard is a device that is usually placed in front of computer screens and functions as input data from the outside by way of typed on the keyboard. I'm sure most of you surely know this component. Usually resembles a typewriter keyboard manual (for the composition of laying the letter). Currently, the market has been circulating system by adopting a wireless keyboard. And usually more expensive when compared with ordinary keyboard. The types of keyboards on the market today for more detailed information is: Serial, PS / 2, USB and wireless. Then some brand keyboards in the market including: Logitech (usually the price is most muahal to market in Indonesia), Accer, Komic and much more.
B. Mouse
I personally never saw a friend with a computer to play smoothly using only the keyboard without the need for a mouse. But if you're a normal human being, and do not want tired memorize the secret button on the keyboard that can be used as a mouse, it seems your computer must have to have a mouse.
Own mouse pointer berfungi to drive on your computer screen. In the presence of the mouse it will be easier for us to adjust the position of the pointer in accordance with our wishes quickly. The characteristics of a good mouse is having a very high sensitivity and do not require a complex treatment (bias and wireless optical mouse that has this requirement, do not use the mouse manual that should be routinely cleaned to remove dust.) Brand mouse that I like is the Logitech (because of durable, reliable, good sensitivity, and have a good shift, but a little bit more expensive in terms of price).
C. Floppy Disk Drive
It is a hardware that connects to the computer diskettes, So you want to transfer data from one computer to another using a floppy, then this is where you should insert the floppy. But for today's disk usage eroded by the development of computer technology. Because the size of CDs and floppy disks almost can save only a smaller memory, then diskiet been abandoned by most users. While this trend means that more is to use flash.
D. Scanners
I think this is a very rarely used by people, as well as for their owners (often there are people who have a computer and also have a scanner machine, yes .... As I was anyway ....). It is therefore not surprising at all to use this tool dirental services then you will be charged a pretty pretty expensive, which is approximately USD $ 1000.00 per scan. For now mostly found in scanner with a port connecting to a computer using a USB model.
E. Optical Devices
For those of you who like to watch the service packages (do not want to go to the movies, but enough to buy his movie "in perparah with pirated movies") then the tool must have on your computer. Here are some types of optical computers that can be customized to your needs:
(1). CD ROM, is the optical instrument reading from the CD input. The drawback of this tool is not able to rewrite on the CD (insert the data to a CD).
(2). CD RW, are optical devices that can serve to read and rewrite files CD. With this tool you can create a CD with insert a file into it.
(3). Optical DVD, is a tool whose function is similar to the CR ROM, except that if the CD ROM to a CD then Optical DVD to read DVDs and CDs.
(4). DVD RW (DVD COMBO), can be used for all types of applications related to good optics is used for CD or DVD.
F. Device Process
In this section are generally tools that make computer why they're expensive. In the central part called the CPU (Central Processing Unit) which is the main and most important unit processes in the computer that controls the entire process from data processing equipment to read data from input, process or process until the release of information (output) to the output equipment.
Some of the important tools that exist in the CPU include:
»Memory (more familiar to the ear with RAM)
»Mainboard (aka pension Usually the fastest-damaged), if likened to living things, maybe the mainboard can be said as a body. Since the mainboard many critical components are placed as the processor (and fan), RAM, VGA etc.
»Processors (AMD or Intel), you could say this is otanya computer. For a more current processors are Core 2 Duo ngetrend and the level above it.
On the CPU itself consists of three functional parts that need to be considered in the use of computers:
Function registers store data to be processed in the ALU.
CU (Control Unit) functions to control all other equipment
ALU (Arithmetic Logical Unit) function does all processes that require mathematical calculations and logical comparisons
G. Output Equipment
For the output is basically divided into:
Visual display, in this case, the monitor plays a very important. In the visual appearance on the monitor is strongly influenced by the capacity of the VGA.
Output in the form of voice, no other sure most of you already know the speaker. For computer speakers. ect....
DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTER
DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTER
to reach a state that now requires a very very long process. Following review of the stages that can explain this:
1. Development of First Generation Computers
At this first stage, the development of computers get positive reinforcement factor of the outbreak of world war two. In other words, the military who fought well aware that by conducting research on the computer it will bring technological advances to a victory of war. They realize the potential capabilities possessed by the computer. Therefore, in those days a lot of sting abundant funds available for research the development of computers.
The impact of the abundant availability of funds is very significant, as seen with the discovery of the type of computer that is named "K3" to design airplanes and missiles, by Konrad Zuse, 1941 a German scientist. Then do not want to lose imuwan England in 1943 with the goal to beat Germany, managed to find a machine that is named Colossus computer is designed to decode password-code of the German army. This Colossus is one important tool that a capital Allied victory over Germany in World War II. But unfortunately the birth of the Colossus is not a major impact on world developments komupeter time, this is caused by the nature of the Colossus's own characteristics which are not general purpose computers (general purpose computer) that which is only designed to break the German secret codes and secret the existence maintained almost a decade because of security reasons to prevent the outbreak of war again.
From the American side continues to do computer research to continue to keep growing. In 1900 till 1973, an engineer from Harvard's Howard H. Aiken by working with IBM managed to create an electronic calculator with a length of half a football field and has a total cable length of 500 miles for the U.S. Navy project that is named Mark I.
After the Mark I was born, and then created a computer that is multi-purpose (general purpose computer) made by John Presper Eckert (1919-1995) and John W. Mauchly (1907-1980), named ENIAC. ENIAC was successfully created with the initiative of cooperation the United States and the University of Pennsylvania. ENIAC itself is a continuation of the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer. ENIAC could work at speeds 1000 times faster than the Mark I.
Although the Colossus should not be touched, some research does not stop there! Beginning in mid-1940, a team of University of Pennsylvania and John von Neumann (1903-1957) has a great concept to produce a computer with capacity that can be used in the next 40 years! Of cooperation is created in akhit team in 1945, the computer that is named the Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC). The core of the potential value of EDVAC success is the presence of a central processing unit (CPU). This makes the computer can be controlled and controlled by a single source. Also EDVAC have memory to accommodate the program or data. So this allows the computer to be able to stop at a certain time and then be able to set to resume. EDVAC encouraging the growth of the commercial computer industry, therefore it's no wonder in 1951, was born the brand UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer I) became the first commercial computer that utilizes the work principle EDVAC, made by Remington Rand.
From the description above shows that the development of first generation computers are generally designed to perform a specific task in which it is characterized by the existence of binary-coded program that is very different (machine language). This makes the system work the first computer generation is very limited. Then the computer from the first generation usually have the use of vacuum tube (thus making the computer very large size) and for data storage using magnetic cylinder.
2. Second Generation Computer Progress
At this stage it is influenced by the invention of the transistor in 1948. With the invention of the transistor is very affecting to replace vacuum tubes in television, radio, and of course on the computer. Officially, the transistor was at work in computers since 1956. This has influenced the results of the size of a computer than if you are still using vacuum tubes. Shrinking the size of computers increasingly accelerated with the discovery of other such developments and the development of magnetic core memory. Some products that use this technology is IBM's computer production with the launch of schemes such as the gradual and not to be outdone Strecth Sprery-Rand makes a computer named LARC etc. The development of computers with the more visible commercial purposes in 1960, with successful ditandainya emerged in the field of computers for business, government and education. At that time also emerged supporting accessories such as printers, floppy disks, programs, etc..
Developments described in the preceding paragraph also contributed to the birth of programming language that can be learned like FormulaTranslator (FORTRAN) and Common Business-Oriented Language (COBOL). Computer industry began to grow rapidly in the development of second generation computers. Also during this period is also the starting point for the emergence of new areas of work such as computer systems specialists, programmers (expert programs) and data analysis.
3. Third Generation Computer Progress
The core of the third generation stage was in 1958 the discovery of the IC (Integrated Circuit). The IC backed by disgruntled at work when used inside a transistor in which the computer will generate enormous heat that could damage other components yag. IC quarsa made of rock (rock quarsa) which was invented by a scientist from Texas instruments, Jack Kilby. It is-also the mendorng important discoveries so that a chip can represent several components required by the computer. As a result, the computer looks more friendly and comfortable ketka used because the size is getting smaller.
4. Fourth Generation Computer Progress
For the development of computers in this generation may have to the environment around us. The IC is spectacular before making the development of the computer world is growing rapidly. This is to be marked with a component found superior to the IC and its derivatives.
The component in question is as to successfully produced a component that can mewakilki several components (kapasistanya are superior to the IC) that is large scale integration (LSI), which can contain hundreds of components in just a chip. Not how long hose (1980) and its derivatives are also found in the 1980s, the Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI), which has a remarkable ability to be able to load thousands of parts only in a single chip. And maybe the Ultra-Large Scale Integration (ULSI), which has a more remarkable ability to increase that number into the millions.
With the above findings are expected to have an impact on reducing the cost of making the computer so the computer-even price will be more cheaper and affordable by the middle to lower levels of society. One example of the market products that may often have we heard of until now is the Intel 4004 chip that was made in mid-1971. This computer was originally created and designed for commercial purposes that can be affordable for all parties.
5. Fifth Generation Computer Development (Future Computer)
Whether, on the development of computers for the fifth time it's very difficult. Because it is still in a limited imagination. Maybe for you who read this paper ever watched a movie called "2001: Space Odyssey" works of Arthur C. Clarke. In the film represents the future of computers that may be still in the imagination in our minds. In the film's computer can be programmed so as to approach human thought. What's worse in the film, the computer is able to program themselves so they can just beat the human mind might be thinking.
Although visual images are displayed in the computer is still far from our thoughts and reality, but the signs to make it all already seen. So far there has been a computer that can be programmed to respond to printah orally and human reason.
Today has been a lot of advances in technology to support the development of computer technology. Among them was the discovery of parallel processing capability which is planned to replace non-Neumann model! Parallel processing system where it will be able to work to coordinate a lot of CPU to simultaneously. There has also been found in superconducting technology, which can deliver information faster than the previously used technology. Whatever happens, obviously any sophisticated kemampun a computer will not be able to defeat the capabilities that make it, namely the human mind. In other words, the computer created by humans, so humans are smarter than the computer
to reach a state that now requires a very very long process. Following review of the stages that can explain this:
1. Development of First Generation Computers
At this first stage, the development of computers get positive reinforcement factor of the outbreak of world war two. In other words, the military who fought well aware that by conducting research on the computer it will bring technological advances to a victory of war. They realize the potential capabilities possessed by the computer. Therefore, in those days a lot of sting abundant funds available for research the development of computers.
The impact of the abundant availability of funds is very significant, as seen with the discovery of the type of computer that is named "K3" to design airplanes and missiles, by Konrad Zuse, 1941 a German scientist. Then do not want to lose imuwan England in 1943 with the goal to beat Germany, managed to find a machine that is named Colossus computer is designed to decode password-code of the German army. This Colossus is one important tool that a capital Allied victory over Germany in World War II. But unfortunately the birth of the Colossus is not a major impact on world developments komupeter time, this is caused by the nature of the Colossus's own characteristics which are not general purpose computers (general purpose computer) that which is only designed to break the German secret codes and secret the existence maintained almost a decade because of security reasons to prevent the outbreak of war again.
From the American side continues to do computer research to continue to keep growing. In 1900 till 1973, an engineer from Harvard's Howard H. Aiken by working with IBM managed to create an electronic calculator with a length of half a football field and has a total cable length of 500 miles for the U.S. Navy project that is named Mark I.
After the Mark I was born, and then created a computer that is multi-purpose (general purpose computer) made by John Presper Eckert (1919-1995) and John W. Mauchly (1907-1980), named ENIAC. ENIAC was successfully created with the initiative of cooperation the United States and the University of Pennsylvania. ENIAC itself is a continuation of the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer. ENIAC could work at speeds 1000 times faster than the Mark I.
Although the Colossus should not be touched, some research does not stop there! Beginning in mid-1940, a team of University of Pennsylvania and John von Neumann (1903-1957) has a great concept to produce a computer with capacity that can be used in the next 40 years! Of cooperation is created in akhit team in 1945, the computer that is named the Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC). The core of the potential value of EDVAC success is the presence of a central processing unit (CPU). This makes the computer can be controlled and controlled by a single source. Also EDVAC have memory to accommodate the program or data. So this allows the computer to be able to stop at a certain time and then be able to set to resume. EDVAC encouraging the growth of the commercial computer industry, therefore it's no wonder in 1951, was born the brand UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer I) became the first commercial computer that utilizes the work principle EDVAC, made by Remington Rand.
From the description above shows that the development of first generation computers are generally designed to perform a specific task in which it is characterized by the existence of binary-coded program that is very different (machine language). This makes the system work the first computer generation is very limited. Then the computer from the first generation usually have the use of vacuum tube (thus making the computer very large size) and for data storage using magnetic cylinder.
2. Second Generation Computer Progress
At this stage it is influenced by the invention of the transistor in 1948. With the invention of the transistor is very affecting to replace vacuum tubes in television, radio, and of course on the computer. Officially, the transistor was at work in computers since 1956. This has influenced the results of the size of a computer than if you are still using vacuum tubes. Shrinking the size of computers increasingly accelerated with the discovery of other such developments and the development of magnetic core memory. Some products that use this technology is IBM's computer production with the launch of schemes such as the gradual and not to be outdone Strecth Sprery-Rand makes a computer named LARC etc. The development of computers with the more visible commercial purposes in 1960, with successful ditandainya emerged in the field of computers for business, government and education. At that time also emerged supporting accessories such as printers, floppy disks, programs, etc..
Developments described in the preceding paragraph also contributed to the birth of programming language that can be learned like FormulaTranslator (FORTRAN) and Common Business-Oriented Language (COBOL). Computer industry began to grow rapidly in the development of second generation computers. Also during this period is also the starting point for the emergence of new areas of work such as computer systems specialists, programmers (expert programs) and data analysis.
3. Third Generation Computer Progress
The core of the third generation stage was in 1958 the discovery of the IC (Integrated Circuit). The IC backed by disgruntled at work when used inside a transistor in which the computer will generate enormous heat that could damage other components yag. IC quarsa made of rock (rock quarsa) which was invented by a scientist from Texas instruments, Jack Kilby. It is-also the mendorng important discoveries so that a chip can represent several components required by the computer. As a result, the computer looks more friendly and comfortable ketka used because the size is getting smaller.
4. Fourth Generation Computer Progress
For the development of computers in this generation may have to the environment around us. The IC is spectacular before making the development of the computer world is growing rapidly. This is to be marked with a component found superior to the IC and its derivatives.
The component in question is as to successfully produced a component that can mewakilki several components (kapasistanya are superior to the IC) that is large scale integration (LSI), which can contain hundreds of components in just a chip. Not how long hose (1980) and its derivatives are also found in the 1980s, the Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI), which has a remarkable ability to be able to load thousands of parts only in a single chip. And maybe the Ultra-Large Scale Integration (ULSI), which has a more remarkable ability to increase that number into the millions.
With the above findings are expected to have an impact on reducing the cost of making the computer so the computer-even price will be more cheaper and affordable by the middle to lower levels of society. One example of the market products that may often have we heard of until now is the Intel 4004 chip that was made in mid-1971. This computer was originally created and designed for commercial purposes that can be affordable for all parties.
5. Fifth Generation Computer Development (Future Computer)
Whether, on the development of computers for the fifth time it's very difficult. Because it is still in a limited imagination. Maybe for you who read this paper ever watched a movie called "2001: Space Odyssey" works of Arthur C. Clarke. In the film represents the future of computers that may be still in the imagination in our minds. In the film's computer can be programmed so as to approach human thought. What's worse in the film, the computer is able to program themselves so they can just beat the human mind might be thinking.
Although visual images are displayed in the computer is still far from our thoughts and reality, but the signs to make it all already seen. So far there has been a computer that can be programmed to respond to printah orally and human reason.
Today has been a lot of advances in technology to support the development of computer technology. Among them was the discovery of parallel processing capability which is planned to replace non-Neumann model! Parallel processing system where it will be able to work to coordinate a lot of CPU to simultaneously. There has also been found in superconducting technology, which can deliver information faster than the previously used technology. Whatever happens, obviously any sophisticated kemampun a computer will not be able to defeat the capabilities that make it, namely the human mind. In other words, the computer created by humans, so humans are smarter than the computer
MONITOR KOMPUTER
WHAT IS COMPUTER MONITOR?
EXPLANATION OTHER COMPUTER MONITOR
Monitor is a tool that is included in softcopy tools. Based on manufacturing technology, the monitor is divided into a CRT (cathode ray tube) and a flat screen (flat panel display). Flat screen itself is divided into three, namely the LCD, EL, and plasma.
Monitors the same size as the size of the television set, which is based on the long diagonal of the area aesthetically.
Monitors for desktop computers currently on the market generally is the monitor size of 14 "and 15". In addition there are monitors 17 ", 19" and 21 ". For laptops, size can be 12.1 ", 13.3", 14.1 "and 15 ".
Apart form the physical size of a monitor is the resolution size. The size of the resolution is determined by the number of pixels (picture element), which is the smallest point producer on the screen. For example, a resolution of 1024 x 768 means that the monitor contains 1024 lines of pixels and 768 columns of pixels. In other words the number of pixels that make up the monitor is at 1024 x 768 pieces. The higher the resolution, the better the quality of the display monitor.
Monitor Pixel Size
In addition to the monitor resolution on a monitor display quality is also affected by the dot pitch (distance between pixels). The closer the distance, the resulting picture will also be more subtle. For example, 28dp mean distance between two pixels is 28/100 mm.
Example of Dot-Pitch Difference
Example of Dot-Pitch Difference
Refresh rate indicates the amount of exposure re-pixels per second, so that the display pixels remain clear. The higher the refresh rate, then the display on the screen will look more real. Refresh rate is expressed in Hertz. Monitor with good quality will have a 75 Hz refresh rate, which means that in one second image is displayed on the monitor as many as 70 times.
Other parameters of a monitor is the color depth (color depth). The number of bits used to store the provisions of a pixel, determine the number of color variations that can be generated by a monitor. The number of bits are often referred to as color depth or color depth.
Below are the data bits that indicate the number of color variations that can be produced by a different number of bits.
1 bit = 2 (monochrome)
2bit = (CGA)
4bit = 16 (EGA)
8bit = 256 (VGA)
16bit = 65 536 (High Color, XGA)
24bit = 16,777,216 (True Color, SVGA)
32bit = 16,777,216 (True Color + Alpha Channel
EXPLANATION OTHER COMPUTER MONITOR
Monitor is a tool that is included in softcopy tools. Based on manufacturing technology, the monitor is divided into a CRT (cathode ray tube) and a flat screen (flat panel display). Flat screen itself is divided into three, namely the LCD, EL, and plasma.
Monitors the same size as the size of the television set, which is based on the long diagonal of the area aesthetically.
Monitors for desktop computers currently on the market generally is the monitor size of 14 "and 15". In addition there are monitors 17 ", 19" and 21 ". For laptops, size can be 12.1 ", 13.3", 14.1 "and 15 ".
Apart form the physical size of a monitor is the resolution size. The size of the resolution is determined by the number of pixels (picture element), which is the smallest point producer on the screen. For example, a resolution of 1024 x 768 means that the monitor contains 1024 lines of pixels and 768 columns of pixels. In other words the number of pixels that make up the monitor is at 1024 x 768 pieces. The higher the resolution, the better the quality of the display monitor.
Monitor Pixel Size
In addition to the monitor resolution on a monitor display quality is also affected by the dot pitch (distance between pixels). The closer the distance, the resulting picture will also be more subtle. For example, 28dp mean distance between two pixels is 28/100 mm.
Example of Dot-Pitch Difference
Example of Dot-Pitch Difference
Refresh rate indicates the amount of exposure re-pixels per second, so that the display pixels remain clear. The higher the refresh rate, then the display on the screen will look more real. Refresh rate is expressed in Hertz. Monitor with good quality will have a 75 Hz refresh rate, which means that in one second image is displayed on the monitor as many as 70 times.
Other parameters of a monitor is the color depth (color depth). The number of bits used to store the provisions of a pixel, determine the number of color variations that can be generated by a monitor. The number of bits are often referred to as color depth or color depth.
Below are the data bits that indicate the number of color variations that can be produced by a different number of bits.
1 bit = 2 (monochrome)
2bit = (CGA)
4bit = 16 (EGA)
8bit = 256 (VGA)
16bit = 65 536 (High Color, XGA)
24bit = 16,777,216 (True Color, SVGA)
32bit = 16,777,216 (True Color + Alpha Channel
CPU ( Central Processing Unit )
What is a CPU?
Look, there are people who think that the CPU is the processor found in the motherboard (the point). But there is also an opinion that it is the CPU casing and its contents including motherboard, memory, hard drives, power supply, cables and all the devices attached to it such as CDROM, Floppy drive, de el el. Once again I just took part in giving an alternative view on the CPU.
based on the knowledge that I have and once again not want to get stuck into the two opinions that have been mentioned before because it could be both true. It all depends on the understanding and belief in yourself, the best is your jury and of course others.
CPU stands for is the Central Processing Unit. CPU is responsible for performing all of the mathematical calculations required by the computer to function properly. Because the computer can not function without the CPU (which may also be referred to as the central processor or just the processor alone), it is not uncommon to hear people refer to the CPU as the "brains" of a computer.
CPU is processing the program instruction on micro computer called a micro-processor (processor mikor). This processor is a chip consisting of thousands to millions of IC (Integrated Circuit). Where IC is used to implement functions logika.CPU consists of two main parts:
1. Arithmetika unti Logic (ALU)
The main task of the ALU is to perform all arithmetic calculations (math), which occurs in accordance with the instructions of the program. ALU perform all arithmetic operations on the basis of the sum so that the electrical circuit used is called the Adder. Another task of the ALU is to make a decision of a logic operation in accordance with the instructions of the program. Logic operation involves comparison of two operands by using a certain logical operators, namely: equal (=), less than (<), or more than (>).
2. Control Unit (CU) = control unit
This unit is responsible for managing or controlling any existing equipment on the computer system. The control unit will be set when the input device to receive data and when data is processed and when displayed on the screen output.
This unit also interprets the instructions from computer programs, bringing data from input devices to main memory and retrieve data from main memory to be processed. If there are instructions for the calculation of arithmetic or logical comparisons. So this control unit will send instructions to the ALU.
Results of data processing is carried by the control unit to the main memory for storage and in time will be presented to the output device. Thus the task of the control unit are:
* Regulate and control the input output devices
* Taking instructions from main memory
* Retrieve data from main memory (if needed) to be processed
* Send instructions to the ALU when there is arithmetic or logical comparisons, and oversees the work of the ALU
* Saving results into the main memory
Besides, the CPU has a small storage device called the Registry. Register a small storage devices that have a high-speed access that is used to store data and instructions are being processed, while other data and instructions that are waiting their turn to be processed is stored in main memory.
Thus there are 3 kinds of memory used in computer systems, namely:
1. Register (used to store instructions and data being processed yangs
2. Main memory (used to store instructions and data to be processed and store data processing)
3. Secondary storage (used for storing programs and data permanently)
How does CPU work?
In order to do their work properly, the CPU must complete the four-step cycle. The first step in this cycle is to get an instruction from the memory of the software program. After taking the CPU instruction, the second step is to translate the instructions. By translating the instructions, the CPU can manage information from instruction in a way that allows the CPU to complete the next step, which is being executed.
During the execution of these steps, the CPU complete instructions. This can be achieved by following the information obtained during the steps of translation. After the CPU executes the instruction is completed, the final step in this cycle is to write-back results that occurred during the execution stages. CPU can write the results back to the internal register, or to the main memory of the computer.
Look, there are people who think that the CPU is the processor found in the motherboard (the point). But there is also an opinion that it is the CPU casing and its contents including motherboard, memory, hard drives, power supply, cables and all the devices attached to it such as CDROM, Floppy drive, de el el. Once again I just took part in giving an alternative view on the CPU.
based on the knowledge that I have and once again not want to get stuck into the two opinions that have been mentioned before because it could be both true. It all depends on the understanding and belief in yourself, the best is your jury and of course others.
CPU stands for is the Central Processing Unit. CPU is responsible for performing all of the mathematical calculations required by the computer to function properly. Because the computer can not function without the CPU (which may also be referred to as the central processor or just the processor alone), it is not uncommon to hear people refer to the CPU as the "brains" of a computer.
CPU is processing the program instruction on micro computer called a micro-processor (processor mikor). This processor is a chip consisting of thousands to millions of IC (Integrated Circuit). Where IC is used to implement functions logika.CPU consists of two main parts:
1. Arithmetika unti Logic (ALU)
The main task of the ALU is to perform all arithmetic calculations (math), which occurs in accordance with the instructions of the program. ALU perform all arithmetic operations on the basis of the sum so that the electrical circuit used is called the Adder. Another task of the ALU is to make a decision of a logic operation in accordance with the instructions of the program. Logic operation involves comparison of two operands by using a certain logical operators, namely: equal (=), less than (<), or more than (>).
2. Control Unit (CU) = control unit
This unit is responsible for managing or controlling any existing equipment on the computer system. The control unit will be set when the input device to receive data and when data is processed and when displayed on the screen output.
This unit also interprets the instructions from computer programs, bringing data from input devices to main memory and retrieve data from main memory to be processed. If there are instructions for the calculation of arithmetic or logical comparisons. So this control unit will send instructions to the ALU.
Results of data processing is carried by the control unit to the main memory for storage and in time will be presented to the output device. Thus the task of the control unit are:
* Regulate and control the input output devices
* Taking instructions from main memory
* Retrieve data from main memory (if needed) to be processed
* Send instructions to the ALU when there is arithmetic or logical comparisons, and oversees the work of the ALU
* Saving results into the main memory
Besides, the CPU has a small storage device called the Registry. Register a small storage devices that have a high-speed access that is used to store data and instructions are being processed, while other data and instructions that are waiting their turn to be processed is stored in main memory.
Thus there are 3 kinds of memory used in computer systems, namely:
1. Register (used to store instructions and data being processed yangs
2. Main memory (used to store instructions and data to be processed and store data processing)
3. Secondary storage (used for storing programs and data permanently)
How does CPU work?
In order to do their work properly, the CPU must complete the four-step cycle. The first step in this cycle is to get an instruction from the memory of the software program. After taking the CPU instruction, the second step is to translate the instructions. By translating the instructions, the CPU can manage information from instruction in a way that allows the CPU to complete the next step, which is being executed.
During the execution of these steps, the CPU complete instructions. This can be achieved by following the information obtained during the steps of translation. After the CPU executes the instruction is completed, the final step in this cycle is to write-back results that occurred during the execution stages. CPU can write the results back to the internal register, or to the main memory of the computer.
How Computers Work
how computers work?
Computer is an electronic device
who are already familiar among children
children to adults, of course, with
level of understanding and use of the
different.
said to be a human architecture.
Physical form can not be called a human life
normal. To be called a man who lives it is necessary
the existence of spirit or soul, as a form of non-physical. Non-physical form
others like common thoughts and feelings that will
employ physical parts to the application or activity
in accordance with the will of mind and feeling
own.
Likewise, the computer also has a physical part
Hardware-called non-physical and so-called
Software / Computer Program.
Computer Architecture
Analogous to humans, computers also have a part-this part
which have different functions. The composition and location
relationship between the parts to form the body computer
referred to as computer architecture. Or in other words
computer architecture is the organization of part-any part of
a functional computer.
In principle, a computer system consists of 3 parts
main, namely:
1. CPU
2. Memory, the memory comprising program and data memory, and
3. Device Input / Output
This new computer system will work if adaprogra m
computer that contains instructions that instruct the CPU.
CPU (Central processing Unit)
CPU is a functional part
the principal of a system
computer, it can be said that
CPU is the brain of a
computer. In the CPU is all
computer work done.
Things that need to be done CPU
are:
1. Read, encode and
execute instructions
program
2. Sending data to and from memory, as well as from and to the input / output.
3. Respond to interruptions from the outside.
provides clock and signal
control to the system.
In doing the things above, clear the CPU needs to store data
for a while. CPUs need to remember the location of the instruction
last so that the CPU will be able to take the next instruction.
CPU needs to store instructions and data temporarily
when the instruction is dieksekusi.Dengan other words, the CPU
require a small internal memory called registers.
Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) function-forming operations
arithmetic and logic operations on the data register stores
preliminary data and results of operations of the ALU.
Control unit produces a signal, which will control the operation
ALU, and the transfer of data to the ALU.
Computer is an electronic device
who are already familiar among children
children to adults, of course, with
level of understanding and use of the
different.
said to be a human architecture.
Physical form can not be called a human life
normal. To be called a man who lives it is necessary
the existence of spirit or soul, as a form of non-physical. Non-physical form
others like common thoughts and feelings that will
employ physical parts to the application or activity
in accordance with the will of mind and feeling
own.
Likewise, the computer also has a physical part
Hardware-called non-physical and so-called
Software / Computer Program.
Computer Architecture
Analogous to humans, computers also have a part-this part
which have different functions. The composition and location
relationship between the parts to form the body computer
referred to as computer architecture. Or in other words
computer architecture is the organization of part-any part of
a functional computer.
In principle, a computer system consists of 3 parts
main, namely:
1. CPU
2. Memory, the memory comprising program and data memory, and
3. Device Input / Output
This new computer system will work if adaprogra m
computer that contains instructions that instruct the CPU.
CPU (Central processing Unit)
CPU is a functional part
the principal of a system
computer, it can be said that
CPU is the brain of a
computer. In the CPU is all
computer work done.
Things that need to be done CPU
are:
1. Read, encode and
execute instructions
program
2. Sending data to and from memory, as well as from and to the input / output.
3. Respond to interruptions from the outside.
provides clock and signal
control to the system.
In doing the things above, clear the CPU needs to store data
for a while. CPUs need to remember the location of the instruction
last so that the CPU will be able to take the next instruction.
CPU needs to store instructions and data temporarily
when the instruction is dieksekusi.Dengan other words, the CPU
require a small internal memory called registers.
Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) function-forming operations
arithmetic and logic operations on the data register stores
preliminary data and results of operations of the ALU.
Control unit produces a signal, which will control the operation
ALU, and the transfer of data to the ALU.
Computer History
The history of computers is as follows:
Mechanical tools and electronics to help human beings in the calculation and data processing in order to get results faster. Computers that we meet today is a long evolution of human inventions sejah yore in the form of mechanical or electronic devices.
Today computers and supporting devices have been included in every aspect of life and work. Computers that exist now have a greater ability than ordinary mathematical calculations. Among them is a computer system at the kassa supermarket groceries able to read the code, telephone exchange that handles millions of calls and communications, network
computer and internet which mennghubungkan various places in the world.
After all of the data processing equipment since ancient times till now can we divided into 4 major categories.
1. Equipment manuals: the data processing equipment is very simple, and most important factor
the use of tools is to use the power of human hands
2. Mechanical Equipment: the equipment that has been shaped by hand-driven mechanical manually
3. Electronic Mechanical Equipment: Mechanical Equipment driven automatically by an electronic motor
4. Electronic equipment: Equipment that works in electronic full.
TRADITIONAL TOOLS CALCULATE and MECHANICAL CALCULATOR
Abacus, which emerged about 5000 years ago in Asia Minor and is still used in some places until today, can be regarded as the beginning of computing machines.
This tool allows users to perform calculations using the grain shear sebuh arranged on shelves. The merchants in those days using the abacus to calculate the trade transaction. Along with the emergence of a pencil and paper, especially in Europe, the abacus lost its popularity.
After almost 12 centuries, another finding emerged in terms of computing machines. In 1642, Blaise Pascal (1623-1662), who at that time was 18 years old, found what he called a numerical wheel calculator (numerical wheel calculator) to help his father make tax calculations. This brass rectangular box called the Pascaline, used eight toothed wheel to add numbers to eight digits. This tool is a calculator tool based on number ten. The weakness of this tool is only terbataas for summation.
Year 1694, a German mathematician and philosopher, Gottfred Wilhem von Leibniz (1646-1716) to improve Pascaline by creating a machine that can multiply. Just like its predecessor, this mechanical device works by using the wheels serrations. By studying the notes and drawings made by Pascal, Leibniz can refine tools. It was only in 1820, mechanical calculators became popular. Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar find a machine that can perform four basic arithmetic functions. Colmar mechanical calculator, arithometer, presenting a more practical approach in the calculation because the tool can perform summation, subtraction, multiplication, and division. With his ability, arithometer widely used until World War I.
Together with Pascal and Leibniz, Colmar helped build a mechanical computing era.
Beginning of the computer that actually formed by seoarng British mathematics professor, Charles Babbage (1791-1871). 1812, Babbage noticed natural fit between the engine mechanics and mathematics: the mechanical engine is very good at doing the same tasks repeatedly without mistake; is mathematics requires simple repetition of a certain steps. These problems Kemudain grown to placing the machine mechanics as a tool to answer the needs of mechanics. Babbage's first effort to address this problem emerged in 1822 when he proposed a machine to perform calculations differensil equation. The machine is called Differential Engine. By using steam power, the machine can store programs and can perform calculations and print the results automatically. After working with Differential Engine for ten years, Babbage was suddenly inspired to start making general-purpose computer first, called the Analytical Engine. Babbage's assistant, Augusta Ada King (1815-1842) has an important role in making this machine. He helped revise the plan, seek funding from the British government, and communicating the specifications Anlytical Engine to the public. In addition, a good understanding of Augusta on this machine allows it to make instructions for inclusion in the development of the engine and also make it the first female programmer. In 1980, the U.S. Defense Department named a programming language with the name of the ADA as a tribute to him.
Babbage's steam engine, although never completed, it seems very primitive compared to today's standards. However, these tools describe the basic elements of a modern computer and also reveals an important concept. Consisting of about 50,000 components, the basic design of the Analytical Engine using perforated cards (with holes) that contains the operating instructions for the machine. In 1889, Herman Hollerith (1860 1929) also applies the principle of perforated cards to perform calculations. His first task is to find a faster way to perform calculations for the United States Census Bureau. Previous census conducted in 1880, took seven years to complete the calculations. With growing population, the Bureau estimates that it takes ten years to complete the census calculations.
Hollerith used perforated cards to enter census data which is then processed by the tool mechanically. A card can store up to 80 variables. By using these tools, the results of the census can be completed within six weeks. Besides having the advantage in speed, the card serves as a data storage media. The error rate calculation can also be reduced drastically. Hollerith later develop these tools and sell them to the public. He founded the Tabulating Machine Company in 1896 which later became International Business Machine (1924) after some time the merger. Other companies such as Remington Rand and Burroghs also manufacture perforated card pembac tool for business. Perforated cards used by businesses to permrosesan data dn government until 1960.
In the next period, some engineers create new enemuan p other. Vannevar Bush (1890 - 1974) created a calculator to solve differential equations in 1931. The machine could solve complex differential equations that have been considered complicated by academics. The machine was very large and heavy as hundreds of serrations and the shaft is required to perform calculations. In 1903, John V. Atanasoff and Clifford Berry tried to make a computer that applied Boolean algebra electric on electric circuits. This approach is based on the work of George Boole (1815-1864) in the form of a binary system of algebra, which states that any mathematical equation can be expressed as true or false. By applying the conditions are right and wrong into the electrical circuit in the form of connect-off, Atanasoff and Berry made the first electric computer in 1940. But those projects stalled due to loss of funding sources.
COMPUTER FIRST GENERATION
With the onset of the Second World War, the countries involved in the war sought to develop computers to exploit their potential strategic importance computer. This increased funding to accelerate the progress of the development of computer and computer engineering. In 1941, Konrad Zuse, a German engineer to build a computer, the Z3, to design airplanes and missiles.
Party allies also made other progress in the development of computer power. In 1943, the British completed the secret code-breaking computer called Colossus to decode German-secret used. The Colossus's impact influenced the development of the computer industry because of two reasons. First, Colossus was not a versatile computer (general-purpose computer), it was only designed to decode secret messages. Second, the existence of these machines kept confidential until a decade after the war ended.
Work done by the Americans at that time produced some other advancement. Howard H. Aiken (1900-1973), a Harvard engineer working with IBM, succeeded in producing electronic calculators for the U.S. Navy. The calculator is a length of half a football field and has a range of 500 miles of cable. The Harvd-IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator, or Mark I, an electronic relay computer. He uses electromagnetic signals to move the mechanical components. The machine beropreasi with slow (it takes 3-5 seconds for each calculation) and inflexible (the order of calculations can not be changed). The calculator can perform basic arithmetic calculations and equations are more complex.
Another computer development at the present time is the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC), which is made by the cooperation between the governments of the United States and the University of Pennsylvania. Consisting of 18,000 vacuum tubes, 70,000 resistors and 5 million soldered joints, the computer is a machine that consumes huge power of 160kW.
This computer was designed by John Presper Eckert (1919-1995) John W. dn Mauchly (1907-1980), ENIAC is a versatile computer (general purpose computer) that work 1000 times faster than Mark I.
In the mid-1940s, John von Neumann (1903-1957) joined the team of University of Pennsylvania in Usha build concept which couples the computer up to 40 years is still used in computer engineering. Von Neumann designed the Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC) in 1945 with sebuh memory to accommodate both programs or data. This technique allows the computer to stop at some point and then resume her job back. The key factor von Neumann architecture is the central processing unit (CPU), which allowed all computer functions to be coordinated through a single source. In 1951, UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer I) made by Remington Rand, became the first commercial computer that uses the von Neumann architecture model.
Both the United States Census Bureau and General Electric have UNIVAC. One of the impressive results achieved by the UNIVAC dalah success in predicting victory Dwilight D. Eisenhower in the 1952 presidential election.
First generation computers were characterized by the fact that operating instructions are made specifically for a particular task. Each computer has a program different binary-coded-called "machine language" (machine language). This causes the computer is difficult to be programmed and the speed limit. Another feature is the use of first generation computer vacuum tube (which makes the computer at that time are very large) dn magnetic cylinder for data storage.
SECOND GENERATION COMPUTER
In 1948, the invention of the transistor greatly influenced the development of a computer. Transistors replaced vacuum tubes in televisions, radios, and computers. As a result, the size of electronic machinery has reduced drastically.
The transistor was used in computers began in 1956. In other findings in the form of magnetic core memory-assisting the development of second generation computers smaller, faster, more reliable, and more energy efficient than their predecessors. The first machine that utilizes this new technology is a supercomputer. IBM makes supercomputers, Stretch and Sprery-Rand makes a computer named LARC. These computers, which was developed for atomic energy laboratories, could handle large amounts of data, a capability that is needed by researchers atoms. The machine was very expensive and tend to be too complex for business computing needs, thereby limiting its popularity. There are only two LARC has ever installed and used: one at the Lawrence Radiation Labs in Livermore, California, and the other in the U.S. Navy Research and Development Center in Washington DC Second generation computers replaced machine language with assembly language. Assembly language is a language that uses abbreviations to replace the binary code.
In the early 1960s, began to appear successful second generation computers in business, in universities and in government. The computers of this second generation is fully computer using transistors. They also have components that can be associated with the computer at this time: a printer, storage, disk, memory, operating system and programs.
One important example is the computer on the IBM 1401 which is widely accepted in the industry. In 1965, nearly all big businesses use computers to process the second generation of financial information.
The program stored in the computer and programming language that is in it gives flexibility to the computer. Flexibility is increased performance at a reasonable price for business use. With this concept, the computer could print customer purchase invoices and then run a product design or calculate payroll. Some programming languages began to appear at that time. Programming language Common Business-Oriented Language (COBOL) and FORTRAN (Formula Translator) came into common use. This programming language replaces the complicated machine with the words, sentences, and mathematical formulas are more easily understood by humans. This allows a person to program and manage the computer. Various New types of careers (programmer, analyst, and expert computer systems). Software industry also began to emerge and grow during this second-generation computer.
THIRD GENERATION COMPUTER
Although the transistors in many respects the vacuum tube, but transistors generate considerable heat, which can potentially damage the computer's internal parts. Quartz stone (quartz rock) to eliminate this problem. Jack Kilby, an engineer at Texas Instruments, developed the integrated circuit (IC: integrated circuit) in 1958. IC combined three electronic components in a small silicon disc made of quartz sand. Scientists later managed to fit more components into a single chip called a semiconductor. As a result, computers became ever smaller as the components can be squeezed onto the chip. Other third-generation development is the use of the operating system (operating system) that allows the engine to run many different programs at once with a central program that monitored and coordinated the computer's memory.
FOURTH GENERATION COMPUTER
After IC, the goal of development becomes more obvious: shrink the size of circuits and electrical components. Large Scale Integration (LSI) could fit hundreds of components on a chip. In the 1980's, the Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) contains thousands of components on a single chip.
Ultra-Large Scale Integration (ULSI) increased that number into the millions. Ability to install so many components in a chip half the size of coins to encourage lower prices and the size of a computer. It also increased power, efficiency and reliability. Intel 4004 chip that was made in 1971 to bring progress to the IC by putting all the components of a computer (central processing unit, memory, and control input / output) in a very small chip. Previously, the IC is made to do a certain task specific. Now, a microprocessor can be manufactured and then programmed to meet all the requirements. Not long after, everyday household items like microwave ovens, televisions, dn car with electronic fuel injection equipped with microprocessors.
Such developments allow ordinary people to use a regular computer. Computers no longer a dominance of large companies or government agencies. In the mid-1970s, computer assemblers offer their computer products to the general public. These computers, called minicomputers, sold with a software package that is easy to use by the layman. The most popular software at the time was word processing and spreadsheet programs. In the early 1980s, such as the Atari 2600 video game attracted the attention of consumers on a more sophisticated home computer and can be programmed.
In 1981, IBM introduced the use of Personal Computer (PC) for use in homes, offices, and schools. The number of PCs that use jumped from 2 million units in 1981 to 5.5 million units in 1982. Ten years later, 65 million PCs in use. Computers continued evolution towards smaller size, of computers that are on the table (desktop computer) into a computer that can be inserted into the bag (laptop), or even a computer that can be held (palmtop).
IBM PC to compete with Apple's Macintosh in getting the computer market. Apple Macintosh became famous for popularizing the graphical system on his computer, while his rival was still using a text-based computer. Macintosh also popularized the use of mouse devices.
At the present time, we know the journey IBM compatible with CPU usage: IBM PC/486, Pentium, Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium IV (series of CPUs made by Intel). Also we know AMD K6, Athlon, etc.. This is all included in the class of fourth-generation computers.
Along with the proliferation of computer usage in the workplace, new ways to explore the potential to be developed. Along with the increased strength of a small computer, komputerkomputer can be connected together in a network to share a memory, software, information, and also to be able to communicate with each other. Computer networks allow computers to form a single electronic cooperation to complete a process task. By using direct wiring (also known as local area network, LAN), or telephone wires, these networks can develop into very large.
FIFTH GENERATION COMPUTER
Defining a fifth-generation computer becomes quite difficult because this stage is still very young. An example is the fifth generation computer imaginative fictional HAL9000 computer from the novel by Arthur C. Clarke titled 2001: Space Odyssey. HAL displays all the desired function from a fifth-generation computer. With artificial intelligence (artificial intelligence), the HAL may have enough reason to do percapakan with humans, using visual feedback, and learn from his own experience.
Although it may be the realization of HAL9000 is still far from reality, many of the functions that had been established. Some computers can receive verbal instructions and are capable of imitating human reasoning. The ability to translate a foreign language also becomes possible. This facility seemed simple. However, such facilities become much more complicated than expected when programmers realized that human pengertia highly dependent on context and understanding rather than just translate the words directly.
Many advances in the field of computer design and technology semkain allows the creation of the fifth generation computer. Two engineering advances which are mainly parallel processing capability, which will replace the non-Neumann model. Non Neumann model will be replaced with a system capable of coordinating multiple CPUs to work in unison. Another advancement is the superconducting technology that permit the flow of electrically without any obstacles, which in turn can accelerate the speed of information.
Japan is a country known in the jargon of socialization and the fifth generation computer project. Institutions ICOT (Institute for New Computer Technology) was also formed to make it happen. Many newspapers stating that this project has failed, but some other information that the success of this fifth generation computer project will bring new changes to the paradigm of computerization in the world. We are waiting for which information is more valid and fruitful
Mechanical tools and electronics to help human beings in the calculation and data processing in order to get results faster. Computers that we meet today is a long evolution of human inventions sejah yore in the form of mechanical or electronic devices.
Today computers and supporting devices have been included in every aspect of life and work. Computers that exist now have a greater ability than ordinary mathematical calculations. Among them is a computer system at the kassa supermarket groceries able to read the code, telephone exchange that handles millions of calls and communications, network
computer and internet which mennghubungkan various places in the world.
After all of the data processing equipment since ancient times till now can we divided into 4 major categories.
1. Equipment manuals: the data processing equipment is very simple, and most important factor
the use of tools is to use the power of human hands
2. Mechanical Equipment: the equipment that has been shaped by hand-driven mechanical manually
3. Electronic Mechanical Equipment: Mechanical Equipment driven automatically by an electronic motor
4. Electronic equipment: Equipment that works in electronic full.
TRADITIONAL TOOLS CALCULATE and MECHANICAL CALCULATOR
Abacus, which emerged about 5000 years ago in Asia Minor and is still used in some places until today, can be regarded as the beginning of computing machines.
This tool allows users to perform calculations using the grain shear sebuh arranged on shelves. The merchants in those days using the abacus to calculate the trade transaction. Along with the emergence of a pencil and paper, especially in Europe, the abacus lost its popularity.
After almost 12 centuries, another finding emerged in terms of computing machines. In 1642, Blaise Pascal (1623-1662), who at that time was 18 years old, found what he called a numerical wheel calculator (numerical wheel calculator) to help his father make tax calculations. This brass rectangular box called the Pascaline, used eight toothed wheel to add numbers to eight digits. This tool is a calculator tool based on number ten. The weakness of this tool is only terbataas for summation.
Year 1694, a German mathematician and philosopher, Gottfred Wilhem von Leibniz (1646-1716) to improve Pascaline by creating a machine that can multiply. Just like its predecessor, this mechanical device works by using the wheels serrations. By studying the notes and drawings made by Pascal, Leibniz can refine tools. It was only in 1820, mechanical calculators became popular. Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar find a machine that can perform four basic arithmetic functions. Colmar mechanical calculator, arithometer, presenting a more practical approach in the calculation because the tool can perform summation, subtraction, multiplication, and division. With his ability, arithometer widely used until World War I.
Together with Pascal and Leibniz, Colmar helped build a mechanical computing era.
Beginning of the computer that actually formed by seoarng British mathematics professor, Charles Babbage (1791-1871). 1812, Babbage noticed natural fit between the engine mechanics and mathematics: the mechanical engine is very good at doing the same tasks repeatedly without mistake; is mathematics requires simple repetition of a certain steps. These problems Kemudain grown to placing the machine mechanics as a tool to answer the needs of mechanics. Babbage's first effort to address this problem emerged in 1822 when he proposed a machine to perform calculations differensil equation. The machine is called Differential Engine. By using steam power, the machine can store programs and can perform calculations and print the results automatically. After working with Differential Engine for ten years, Babbage was suddenly inspired to start making general-purpose computer first, called the Analytical Engine. Babbage's assistant, Augusta Ada King (1815-1842) has an important role in making this machine. He helped revise the plan, seek funding from the British government, and communicating the specifications Anlytical Engine to the public. In addition, a good understanding of Augusta on this machine allows it to make instructions for inclusion in the development of the engine and also make it the first female programmer. In 1980, the U.S. Defense Department named a programming language with the name of the ADA as a tribute to him.
Babbage's steam engine, although never completed, it seems very primitive compared to today's standards. However, these tools describe the basic elements of a modern computer and also reveals an important concept. Consisting of about 50,000 components, the basic design of the Analytical Engine using perforated cards (with holes) that contains the operating instructions for the machine. In 1889, Herman Hollerith (1860 1929) also applies the principle of perforated cards to perform calculations. His first task is to find a faster way to perform calculations for the United States Census Bureau. Previous census conducted in 1880, took seven years to complete the calculations. With growing population, the Bureau estimates that it takes ten years to complete the census calculations.
Hollerith used perforated cards to enter census data which is then processed by the tool mechanically. A card can store up to 80 variables. By using these tools, the results of the census can be completed within six weeks. Besides having the advantage in speed, the card serves as a data storage media. The error rate calculation can also be reduced drastically. Hollerith later develop these tools and sell them to the public. He founded the Tabulating Machine Company in 1896 which later became International Business Machine (1924) after some time the merger. Other companies such as Remington Rand and Burroghs also manufacture perforated card pembac tool for business. Perforated cards used by businesses to permrosesan data dn government until 1960.
In the next period, some engineers create new enemuan p other. Vannevar Bush (1890 - 1974) created a calculator to solve differential equations in 1931. The machine could solve complex differential equations that have been considered complicated by academics. The machine was very large and heavy as hundreds of serrations and the shaft is required to perform calculations. In 1903, John V. Atanasoff and Clifford Berry tried to make a computer that applied Boolean algebra electric on electric circuits. This approach is based on the work of George Boole (1815-1864) in the form of a binary system of algebra, which states that any mathematical equation can be expressed as true or false. By applying the conditions are right and wrong into the electrical circuit in the form of connect-off, Atanasoff and Berry made the first electric computer in 1940. But those projects stalled due to loss of funding sources.
COMPUTER FIRST GENERATION
With the onset of the Second World War, the countries involved in the war sought to develop computers to exploit their potential strategic importance computer. This increased funding to accelerate the progress of the development of computer and computer engineering. In 1941, Konrad Zuse, a German engineer to build a computer, the Z3, to design airplanes and missiles.
Party allies also made other progress in the development of computer power. In 1943, the British completed the secret code-breaking computer called Colossus to decode German-secret used. The Colossus's impact influenced the development of the computer industry because of two reasons. First, Colossus was not a versatile computer (general-purpose computer), it was only designed to decode secret messages. Second, the existence of these machines kept confidential until a decade after the war ended.
Work done by the Americans at that time produced some other advancement. Howard H. Aiken (1900-1973), a Harvard engineer working with IBM, succeeded in producing electronic calculators for the U.S. Navy. The calculator is a length of half a football field and has a range of 500 miles of cable. The Harvd-IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator, or Mark I, an electronic relay computer. He uses electromagnetic signals to move the mechanical components. The machine beropreasi with slow (it takes 3-5 seconds for each calculation) and inflexible (the order of calculations can not be changed). The calculator can perform basic arithmetic calculations and equations are more complex.
Another computer development at the present time is the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC), which is made by the cooperation between the governments of the United States and the University of Pennsylvania. Consisting of 18,000 vacuum tubes, 70,000 resistors and 5 million soldered joints, the computer is a machine that consumes huge power of 160kW.
This computer was designed by John Presper Eckert (1919-1995) John W. dn Mauchly (1907-1980), ENIAC is a versatile computer (general purpose computer) that work 1000 times faster than Mark I.
In the mid-1940s, John von Neumann (1903-1957) joined the team of University of Pennsylvania in Usha build concept which couples the computer up to 40 years is still used in computer engineering. Von Neumann designed the Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC) in 1945 with sebuh memory to accommodate both programs or data. This technique allows the computer to stop at some point and then resume her job back. The key factor von Neumann architecture is the central processing unit (CPU), which allowed all computer functions to be coordinated through a single source. In 1951, UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer I) made by Remington Rand, became the first commercial computer that uses the von Neumann architecture model.
Both the United States Census Bureau and General Electric have UNIVAC. One of the impressive results achieved by the UNIVAC dalah success in predicting victory Dwilight D. Eisenhower in the 1952 presidential election.
First generation computers were characterized by the fact that operating instructions are made specifically for a particular task. Each computer has a program different binary-coded-called "machine language" (machine language). This causes the computer is difficult to be programmed and the speed limit. Another feature is the use of first generation computer vacuum tube (which makes the computer at that time are very large) dn magnetic cylinder for data storage.
SECOND GENERATION COMPUTER
In 1948, the invention of the transistor greatly influenced the development of a computer. Transistors replaced vacuum tubes in televisions, radios, and computers. As a result, the size of electronic machinery has reduced drastically.
The transistor was used in computers began in 1956. In other findings in the form of magnetic core memory-assisting the development of second generation computers smaller, faster, more reliable, and more energy efficient than their predecessors. The first machine that utilizes this new technology is a supercomputer. IBM makes supercomputers, Stretch and Sprery-Rand makes a computer named LARC. These computers, which was developed for atomic energy laboratories, could handle large amounts of data, a capability that is needed by researchers atoms. The machine was very expensive and tend to be too complex for business computing needs, thereby limiting its popularity. There are only two LARC has ever installed and used: one at the Lawrence Radiation Labs in Livermore, California, and the other in the U.S. Navy Research and Development Center in Washington DC Second generation computers replaced machine language with assembly language. Assembly language is a language that uses abbreviations to replace the binary code.
In the early 1960s, began to appear successful second generation computers in business, in universities and in government. The computers of this second generation is fully computer using transistors. They also have components that can be associated with the computer at this time: a printer, storage, disk, memory, operating system and programs.
One important example is the computer on the IBM 1401 which is widely accepted in the industry. In 1965, nearly all big businesses use computers to process the second generation of financial information.
The program stored in the computer and programming language that is in it gives flexibility to the computer. Flexibility is increased performance at a reasonable price for business use. With this concept, the computer could print customer purchase invoices and then run a product design or calculate payroll. Some programming languages began to appear at that time. Programming language Common Business-Oriented Language (COBOL) and FORTRAN (Formula Translator) came into common use. This programming language replaces the complicated machine with the words, sentences, and mathematical formulas are more easily understood by humans. This allows a person to program and manage the computer. Various New types of careers (programmer, analyst, and expert computer systems). Software industry also began to emerge and grow during this second-generation computer.
THIRD GENERATION COMPUTER
Although the transistors in many respects the vacuum tube, but transistors generate considerable heat, which can potentially damage the computer's internal parts. Quartz stone (quartz rock) to eliminate this problem. Jack Kilby, an engineer at Texas Instruments, developed the integrated circuit (IC: integrated circuit) in 1958. IC combined three electronic components in a small silicon disc made of quartz sand. Scientists later managed to fit more components into a single chip called a semiconductor. As a result, computers became ever smaller as the components can be squeezed onto the chip. Other third-generation development is the use of the operating system (operating system) that allows the engine to run many different programs at once with a central program that monitored and coordinated the computer's memory.
FOURTH GENERATION COMPUTER
After IC, the goal of development becomes more obvious: shrink the size of circuits and electrical components. Large Scale Integration (LSI) could fit hundreds of components on a chip. In the 1980's, the Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) contains thousands of components on a single chip.
Ultra-Large Scale Integration (ULSI) increased that number into the millions. Ability to install so many components in a chip half the size of coins to encourage lower prices and the size of a computer. It also increased power, efficiency and reliability. Intel 4004 chip that was made in 1971 to bring progress to the IC by putting all the components of a computer (central processing unit, memory, and control input / output) in a very small chip. Previously, the IC is made to do a certain task specific. Now, a microprocessor can be manufactured and then programmed to meet all the requirements. Not long after, everyday household items like microwave ovens, televisions, dn car with electronic fuel injection equipped with microprocessors.
Such developments allow ordinary people to use a regular computer. Computers no longer a dominance of large companies or government agencies. In the mid-1970s, computer assemblers offer their computer products to the general public. These computers, called minicomputers, sold with a software package that is easy to use by the layman. The most popular software at the time was word processing and spreadsheet programs. In the early 1980s, such as the Atari 2600 video game attracted the attention of consumers on a more sophisticated home computer and can be programmed.
In 1981, IBM introduced the use of Personal Computer (PC) for use in homes, offices, and schools. The number of PCs that use jumped from 2 million units in 1981 to 5.5 million units in 1982. Ten years later, 65 million PCs in use. Computers continued evolution towards smaller size, of computers that are on the table (desktop computer) into a computer that can be inserted into the bag (laptop), or even a computer that can be held (palmtop).
IBM PC to compete with Apple's Macintosh in getting the computer market. Apple Macintosh became famous for popularizing the graphical system on his computer, while his rival was still using a text-based computer. Macintosh also popularized the use of mouse devices.
At the present time, we know the journey IBM compatible with CPU usage: IBM PC/486, Pentium, Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium IV (series of CPUs made by Intel). Also we know AMD K6, Athlon, etc.. This is all included in the class of fourth-generation computers.
Along with the proliferation of computer usage in the workplace, new ways to explore the potential to be developed. Along with the increased strength of a small computer, komputerkomputer can be connected together in a network to share a memory, software, information, and also to be able to communicate with each other. Computer networks allow computers to form a single electronic cooperation to complete a process task. By using direct wiring (also known as local area network, LAN), or telephone wires, these networks can develop into very large.
FIFTH GENERATION COMPUTER
Defining a fifth-generation computer becomes quite difficult because this stage is still very young. An example is the fifth generation computer imaginative fictional HAL9000 computer from the novel by Arthur C. Clarke titled 2001: Space Odyssey. HAL displays all the desired function from a fifth-generation computer. With artificial intelligence (artificial intelligence), the HAL may have enough reason to do percapakan with humans, using visual feedback, and learn from his own experience.
Although it may be the realization of HAL9000 is still far from reality, many of the functions that had been established. Some computers can receive verbal instructions and are capable of imitating human reasoning. The ability to translate a foreign language also becomes possible. This facility seemed simple. However, such facilities become much more complicated than expected when programmers realized that human pengertia highly dependent on context and understanding rather than just translate the words directly.
Many advances in the field of computer design and technology semkain allows the creation of the fifth generation computer. Two engineering advances which are mainly parallel processing capability, which will replace the non-Neumann model. Non Neumann model will be replaced with a system capable of coordinating multiple CPUs to work in unison. Another advancement is the superconducting technology that permit the flow of electrically without any obstacles, which in turn can accelerate the speed of information.
Japan is a country known in the jargon of socialization and the fifth generation computer project. Institutions ICOT (Institute for New Computer Technology) was also formed to make it happen. Many newspapers stating that this project has failed, but some other information that the success of this fifth generation computer project will bring new changes to the paradigm of computerization in the world. We are waiting for which information is more valid and fruitful
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