to reach a state that now requires a very very long process. Following review of the stages that can explain this:
1. Development of First Generation Computers
At this first stage, the development of computers get positive reinforcement factor of the outbreak of world war two. In other words, the military who fought well aware that by conducting research on the computer it will bring technological advances to a victory of war. They realize the potential capabilities possessed by the computer. Therefore, in those days a lot of sting abundant funds available for research the development of computers.
The impact of the abundant availability of funds is very significant, as seen with the discovery of the type of computer that is named "K3" to design airplanes and missiles, by Konrad Zuse, 1941 a German scientist. Then do not want to lose imuwan England in 1943 with the goal to beat Germany, managed to find a machine that is named Colossus computer is designed to decode password-code of the German army. This Colossus is one important tool that a capital Allied victory over Germany in World War II. But unfortunately the birth of the Colossus is not a major impact on world developments komupeter time, this is caused by the nature of the Colossus's own characteristics which are not general purpose computers (general purpose computer) that which is only designed to break the German secret codes and secret the existence maintained almost a decade because of security reasons to prevent the outbreak of war again.
From the American side continues to do computer research to continue to keep growing. In 1900 till 1973, an engineer from Harvard's Howard H. Aiken by working with IBM managed to create an electronic calculator with a length of half a football field and has a total cable length of 500 miles for the U.S. Navy project that is named Mark I.
After the Mark I was born, and then created a computer that is multi-purpose (general purpose computer) made by John Presper Eckert (1919-1995) and John W. Mauchly (1907-1980), named ENIAC. ENIAC was successfully created with the initiative of cooperation the United States and the University of Pennsylvania. ENIAC itself is a continuation of the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer. ENIAC could work at speeds 1000 times faster than the Mark I.
Although the Colossus should not be touched, some research does not stop there! Beginning in mid-1940, a team of University of Pennsylvania and John von Neumann (1903-1957) has a great concept to produce a computer with capacity that can be used in the next 40 years! Of cooperation is created in akhit team in 1945, the computer that is named the Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC). The core of the potential value of EDVAC success is the presence of a central processing unit (CPU). This makes the computer can be controlled and controlled by a single source. Also EDVAC have memory to accommodate the program or data. So this allows the computer to be able to stop at a certain time and then be able to set to resume. EDVAC encouraging the growth of the commercial computer industry, therefore it's no wonder in 1951, was born the brand UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer I) became the first commercial computer that utilizes the work principle EDVAC, made by Remington Rand.
From the description above shows that the development of first generation computers are generally designed to perform a specific task in which it is characterized by the existence of binary-coded program that is very different (machine language). This makes the system work the first computer generation is very limited. Then the computer from the first generation usually have the use of vacuum tube (thus making the computer very large size) and for data storage using magnetic cylinder.
2. Second Generation Computer Progress
At this stage it is influenced by the invention of the transistor in 1948. With the invention of the transistor is very affecting to replace vacuum tubes in television, radio, and of course on the computer. Officially, the transistor was at work in computers since 1956. This has influenced the results of the size of a computer than if you are still using vacuum tubes. Shrinking the size of computers increasingly accelerated with the discovery of other such developments and the development of magnetic core memory. Some products that use this technology is IBM's computer production with the launch of schemes such as the gradual and not to be outdone Strecth Sprery-Rand makes a computer named LARC etc. The development of computers with the more visible commercial purposes in 1960, with successful ditandainya emerged in the field of computers for business, government and education. At that time also emerged supporting accessories such as printers, floppy disks, programs, etc..
Developments described in the preceding paragraph also contributed to the birth of programming language that can be learned like FormulaTranslator (FORTRAN) and Common Business-Oriented Language (COBOL). Computer industry began to grow rapidly in the development of second generation computers. Also during this period is also the starting point for the emergence of new areas of work such as computer systems specialists, programmers (expert programs) and data analysis.
3. Third Generation Computer Progress
The core of the third generation stage was in 1958 the discovery of the IC (Integrated Circuit). The IC backed by disgruntled at work when used inside a transistor in which the computer will generate enormous heat that could damage other components yag. IC quarsa made of rock (rock quarsa) which was invented by a scientist from Texas instruments, Jack Kilby. It is-also the mendorng important discoveries so that a chip can represent several components required by the computer. As a result, the computer looks more friendly and comfortable ketka used because the size is getting smaller.
4. Fourth Generation Computer Progress
For the development of computers in this generation may have to the environment around us. The IC is spectacular before making the development of the computer world is growing rapidly. This is to be marked with a component found superior to the IC and its derivatives.
The component in question is as to successfully produced a component that can mewakilki several components (kapasistanya are superior to the IC) that is large scale integration (LSI), which can contain hundreds of components in just a chip. Not how long hose (1980) and its derivatives are also found in the 1980s, the Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI), which has a remarkable ability to be able to load thousands of parts only in a single chip. And maybe the Ultra-Large Scale Integration (ULSI), which has a more remarkable ability to increase that number into the millions.
With the above findings are expected to have an impact on reducing the cost of making the computer so the computer-even price will be more cheaper and affordable by the middle to lower levels of society. One example of the market products that may often have we heard of until now is the Intel 4004 chip that was made in mid-1971. This computer was originally created and designed for commercial purposes that can be affordable for all parties.
5. Fifth Generation Computer Development (Future Computer)
Whether, on the development of computers for the fifth time it's very difficult. Because it is still in a limited imagination. Maybe for you who read this paper ever watched a movie called "2001: Space Odyssey" works of Arthur C. Clarke. In the film represents the future of computers that may be still in the imagination in our minds. In the film's computer can be programmed so as to approach human thought. What's worse in the film, the computer is able to program themselves so they can just beat the human mind might be thinking.
Although visual images are displayed in the computer is still far from our thoughts and reality, but the signs to make it all already seen. So far there has been a computer that can be programmed to respond to printah orally and human reason.
Today has been a lot of advances in technology to support the development of computer technology. Among them was the discovery of parallel processing capability which is planned to replace non-Neumann model! Parallel processing system where it will be able to work to coordinate a lot of CPU to simultaneously. There has also been found in superconducting technology, which can deliver information faster than the previously used technology. Whatever happens, obviously any sophisticated kemampun a computer will not be able to defeat the capabilities that make it, namely the human mind. In other words, the computer created by humans, so humans are smarter than the computer